1.2 key terms
Analog
A way of representing some physical quantity, such as temperature or velocity, by a proportional continuous voltage or current. An analog voltage or current can have any value within a defined range.
Amplitude
The instantaneous voltage of a waveform. Often used to mean maximum amplitude, or peak voltage, or a pulse.
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that still has the same characteristics as the element.
Breadboard
A circuit board for wiring temporary circuits, usually used for prototypes or laboratory work.
Conductor
Any material that allows the free movement of electric changes, such as electrons, to provide an electric current.
Conventional Current
The direction of current flow associated with positive charge in motion. The current flow direction is from a positive to negative potential, which is in the opposite direction of electron flow.
Clock
Digital signal in the form of a rectangular pulse train or a square wave.
Current
A movement of electrical charges around a closed path or circuit.
Digital
A way of representing a physical quantity by a series of binary numbers. A digital representation can have only specific discrete values.
Digital Waveform
A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Digital Multi-Meter(DMM)
A piece of test equipment used to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an electronic circuit.
Duty Cycle (DC)
Fraction of the total period that a digital waveform is in the HIGH state. DC = th/T (often expressed as a percentage: %DC = th/Tx100%).
Electron
Basic particle of negative charge in orbit; around the nucleus in an atom.
Electron Flow
Current of negative charges in motion. Direction is from the negative terminal of the voltage source, through the external, circuit, and returning to the positive side of the source. Opposite to the direction of conventional current.
Falling Edge
The part of a pulse where the logic level is in transition from a HIGH to a LOW.
Frequency
The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Hertz (Hz)
Unit of frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second.
Insulator
A material that does not allow current to flow when voltage is applied because of its high resistance.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of all currents into and out of any branch point in a circuit must equal zero.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed path must equal zero.
Logic HIGH
The higher of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Logic LOW
The lower of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Nucleus
The massive, stable part of the atom that contains both protons and neutrons.
Ohms
Unit of resistance. Value of one ohm allow current of one ampere with potential difference of one volt.
Ohm’s Law
In electric circuits, I=V/R.
Oscilloscope
A piece of test equipment used to view and measure a variety of different waveforms.
Parallel Circuit
One that has two or more branches for separate current from one voltage source.
Period
The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Proton
Particle with positive charge in the nucleus of an atom.
Simulation
Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Resistance
Opposition to current. Unit is the ohm.
Series Circuit
One that has only one path current.
Sine Wave
One in which amplitude varies in proportion to the sine function of an angle.
Square Wave
An almost instantaneous rise and decay of voltage or current in a periodic pattern with time and with a constant peak value.
555 Timer
TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
A way of representing some physical quantity, such as temperature or velocity, by a proportional continuous voltage or current. An analog voltage or current can have any value within a defined range.
Amplitude
The instantaneous voltage of a waveform. Often used to mean maximum amplitude, or peak voltage, or a pulse.
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that still has the same characteristics as the element.
Breadboard
A circuit board for wiring temporary circuits, usually used for prototypes or laboratory work.
Conductor
Any material that allows the free movement of electric changes, such as electrons, to provide an electric current.
Conventional Current
The direction of current flow associated with positive charge in motion. The current flow direction is from a positive to negative potential, which is in the opposite direction of electron flow.
Clock
Digital signal in the form of a rectangular pulse train or a square wave.
Current
A movement of electrical charges around a closed path or circuit.
Digital
A way of representing a physical quantity by a series of binary numbers. A digital representation can have only specific discrete values.
Digital Waveform
A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Digital Multi-Meter(DMM)
A piece of test equipment used to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an electronic circuit.
Duty Cycle (DC)
Fraction of the total period that a digital waveform is in the HIGH state. DC = th/T (often expressed as a percentage: %DC = th/Tx100%).
Electron
Basic particle of negative charge in orbit; around the nucleus in an atom.
Electron Flow
Current of negative charges in motion. Direction is from the negative terminal of the voltage source, through the external, circuit, and returning to the positive side of the source. Opposite to the direction of conventional current.
Falling Edge
The part of a pulse where the logic level is in transition from a HIGH to a LOW.
Frequency
The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Hertz (Hz)
Unit of frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second.
Insulator
A material that does not allow current to flow when voltage is applied because of its high resistance.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of all currents into and out of any branch point in a circuit must equal zero.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed path must equal zero.
Logic HIGH
The higher of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Logic LOW
The lower of two voltages in a digital system with two logic levels.
Nucleus
The massive, stable part of the atom that contains both protons and neutrons.
Ohms
Unit of resistance. Value of one ohm allow current of one ampere with potential difference of one volt.
Ohm’s Law
In electric circuits, I=V/R.
Oscilloscope
A piece of test equipment used to view and measure a variety of different waveforms.
Parallel Circuit
One that has two or more branches for separate current from one voltage source.
Period
The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Proton
Particle with positive charge in the nucleus of an atom.
Simulation
Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Resistance
Opposition to current. Unit is the ohm.
Series Circuit
One that has only one path current.
Sine Wave
One in which amplitude varies in proportion to the sine function of an angle.
Square Wave
An almost instantaneous rise and decay of voltage or current in a periodic pattern with time and with a constant peak value.
555 Timer
TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
Key terms 1.3
Term
Definition
AND Gate
Digital circuit that implements the AND operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH only if all of its inputs are HIGH.
Boolean Expression
An algebraic expression made up of Boolean variables and operators, such as AND (-), OR (+), or NOT (-). Also referred to as Boolean function or a logic function.
Clocked D Flip-Flop
Type of flip-flop in which the D (data) input is the synchronous input.
Combinational Logic
Digital circuitry in which an output is derived from the combination of inputs, independent of the order in which they are applied.
Datasheet
A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Digital Waveform
A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
One style of integrated circuit package which has two rows of lead.
Flip-Flop
A sequential circuit based on a latch whose output changes when its CLOCK input receives a pulse.
Frequency
The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
An electronic circuit having many components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors, in a single package.
Inverter
Also called a NOT gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
Large Scale Integration (LSI)
An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to 100 gates or more.
Logic Diagram
A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Logic Gate
An electronic circuit that performs a Boolean algebraic function.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to more than 11 and less than 100 gates.
NOT Circuit
Also called an INVERTER gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
OR Gate
Digital circuit that implements the OR operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH (logic level 1) if any or all of its inputs are HIGH.
Period
The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)
Surface-mount integrated circuit package with leads that bend back under the package.
Propagation Delays (tPLH/tPHL)
Delay from the time a signal is applied to the time when the output makes its change.
Schematic Entry
A technique of entering CPLD design information by using a CAD (computer aided design) tool to draw a logic circuit as a schematic. The schematic can then be interpreted by design software to generate programming information for the CPLD.
Schottky TTL
TTL subfamily that uses the basic TTL standard circuit except that it uses a Schottky barrier code (SBD) connected between the base and the collector of each transistor for faster switching.
Sequential Logic
Digital circuitry in which the output state of the circuit depends not only on the states of the inputs, but also on the sequence in which they reached their present states.
Simulation
Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Small-Scale Integration (SSI)
An integrated circuit having 12 or fewer gates in one package.
Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC)
Dual-inline style surface-mount IC package.
Transistor-Transistor (TTL)
A family of digital logic devices whose basic element is the bipolar junction transistor.
Truth Table
A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
555 Timer
TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
Definition
AND Gate
Digital circuit that implements the AND operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH only if all of its inputs are HIGH.
Boolean Expression
An algebraic expression made up of Boolean variables and operators, such as AND (-), OR (+), or NOT (-). Also referred to as Boolean function or a logic function.
Clocked D Flip-Flop
Type of flip-flop in which the D (data) input is the synchronous input.
Combinational Logic
Digital circuitry in which an output is derived from the combination of inputs, independent of the order in which they are applied.
Datasheet
A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Digital Waveform
A series of logic 1s and 0s plotted as a function of time.
Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
One style of integrated circuit package which has two rows of lead.
Flip-Flop
A sequential circuit based on a latch whose output changes when its CLOCK input receives a pulse.
Frequency
The number of cycles per unit time of a periodic waveform.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
An electronic circuit having many components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors, in a single package.
Inverter
Also called a NOT gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
Large Scale Integration (LSI)
An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to 100 gates or more.
Logic Diagram
A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Logic Gate
An electronic circuit that performs a Boolean algebraic function.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
An IC that contains circuitry equivalent to more than 11 and less than 100 gates.
NOT Circuit
Also called an INVERTER gate or an inverting buffer. A logic gate that changes its input logic level to the opposite state.
OR Gate
Digital circuit that implements the OR operation. The output of this circuit is HIGH (logic level 1) if any or all of its inputs are HIGH.
Period
The amount of time required for one complete cycle of a periodic event or waveform.
Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)
Surface-mount integrated circuit package with leads that bend back under the package.
Propagation Delays (tPLH/tPHL)
Delay from the time a signal is applied to the time when the output makes its change.
Schematic Entry
A technique of entering CPLD design information by using a CAD (computer aided design) tool to draw a logic circuit as a schematic. The schematic can then be interpreted by design software to generate programming information for the CPLD.
Schottky TTL
TTL subfamily that uses the basic TTL standard circuit except that it uses a Schottky barrier code (SBD) connected between the base and the collector of each transistor for faster switching.
Sequential Logic
Digital circuitry in which the output state of the circuit depends not only on the states of the inputs, but also on the sequence in which they reached their present states.
Simulation
Testing design function by specifying a set of inputs and observing the resultant outputs. Simulation is generally shown as a series of input and output waveforms.
Small-Scale Integration (SSI)
An integrated circuit having 12 or fewer gates in one package.
Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC)
Dual-inline style surface-mount IC package.
Transistor-Transistor (TTL)
A family of digital logic devices whose basic element is the bipolar junction transistor.
Truth Table
A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
555 Timer
TTL-compatible IC that can be wired to operate in several different modes, such as a one-shot and an astable multivibrator.
Key terms 2.1
DeMorgan’s Theorems
1) Theorem stating that the complement of a sum (OR operation) equals the product (AND operation) of the complements, and
2) Theorem stating that the complement of a product (AND operation) equals the sum (OR operation) of the complements.
Distributive Property
Full name: distributive property of multiplication over addition. The property that allows us to distribute (“multiply through”) an AND across several OR functions. For example, a(b+c)=ab+ac.
Least Significant Bit (LSB)
The rightmost bit of a binary num ber. This bit has the number’s smallest positional multiplier.
Logic Circuit
Any circuit that behaves according to a set of logic rules.
Logic Diagram
A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Maxterm
A sum term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
Minterm
A product term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
MostnSignificant Bit (MSB)
The leftmost bit in a binary number. This bit has the number’s loargest positional multiplier.
Product-of-Sums (POS)
A type of Boolean expression where several sum terms are multiplied (ANDed) together.
Product Term
A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ANDed.
Sum-of-Products (SOP)
A type of Boolean expression where several product terms are summed (ORed) together.
Sum Term
A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ORed.
Truth Table
A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
1) Theorem stating that the complement of a sum (OR operation) equals the product (AND operation) of the complements, and
2) Theorem stating that the complement of a product (AND operation) equals the sum (OR operation) of the complements.
Distributive Property
Full name: distributive property of multiplication over addition. The property that allows us to distribute (“multiply through”) an AND across several OR functions. For example, a(b+c)=ab+ac.
Least Significant Bit (LSB)
The rightmost bit of a binary num ber. This bit has the number’s smallest positional multiplier.
Logic Circuit
Any circuit that behaves according to a set of logic rules.
Logic Diagram
A diagram, similar to a schematic, showing the connection of logic gates.
Maxterm
A sum term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
Minterm
A product term in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in true or complement form.
MostnSignificant Bit (MSB)
The leftmost bit in a binary number. This bit has the number’s loargest positional multiplier.
Product-of-Sums (POS)
A type of Boolean expression where several sum terms are multiplied (ANDed) together.
Product Term
A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ANDed.
Sum-of-Products (SOP)
A type of Boolean expression where several product terms are summed (ORed) together.
Sum Term
A term in a Boolean expression where one or more true or complement variables are ORed.
Truth Table
A list of all possible input values to a digital circuit, listed in ascending binary order, and the output response for each input combination.
2.3 key terms
Common Anode Display
A seven-segment LED display where the anodes of all the LEDs are connected to the circuit supply voltage. Each segment is illuminated by a logic LOW at its cathode.
Common Cathode Display
A seven-segment display in which the cathodes of all the LEDs are connected together and grounded. A logic HIGH illuminates a segment when applied to its anode.
Datasheet
A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Design Specifications
A detailed description, especially one providing information needed to make, build, or produce something.
Seven-Segment Display
An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure 8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.
A seven-segment LED display where the anodes of all the LEDs are connected to the circuit supply voltage. Each segment is illuminated by a logic LOW at its cathode.
Common Cathode Display
A seven-segment display in which the cathodes of all the LEDs are connected together and grounded. A logic HIGH illuminates a segment when applied to its anode.
Datasheet
A printed specification giving details of the pin configuration, electrical properties, and mechanical profile of an electronic device.
Design Specifications
A detailed description, especially one providing information needed to make, build, or produce something.
Seven-Segment Display
An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure 8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.
Key terms 2.4
De-multiplexer
A circuit that uses a binary decoder to direct a digital signal from a single source to one of several destinations.
Encoder
A digital circuit that produces an output code depending on which of its inputs is activated.
Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Circuit
Two-input logic circuit that produces a high output only when the inputs are equal.
Exclusive-OR (XOR) Circuit
Two-input logic circuit that produces a high output only when the inputs are different.
Full Adder
Logic circuit with three inputs and two outputs. The inputs are a carry bit (CIN) from a previous stage, a bit from the augend, and a bit from the addend, respectively. The outputs are the sum bit and the carry-out bit (COUT) produced by the addition of the bit from the addend with the bit from the augend and CIN.
Half Adder
Logic circuit with two inputs and two outputs. The inputs are a bit from the augend and a bit from the addend. The outputs are the sum bit produced by the addition of the bit from the addend with the bit from the augend and the resulting carry (COUT) bit, which will be added to the next stage.
Hexadecimal Number System
Base-16 number system. Hexadecimal numbers are written with sixteen digits, 0-9 and A-F, with power-of-16 positional multipliers.
Multiplexer
A circuit that directs one of several digital signals to a single output, depending on the states of several select inputs.
Octal Number System
A number system that has a base of 8; digits from 0 to 7 are used to express an octal number.
Seven-Segment Display
An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure-8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.
Signed Binary Number
A binary number of fixed length whose sign is represented by one bit, usually the most significant bit, and whose magnitude is represented by the remaining bits.
Sign Bit
A binary bit that is added to the leftmost position of a binary number to indicate whether that number represents a positive or a negative quantity.
1’s Complement
A form of signed binary notation in which negative numbers are created by complementing all bits of a number, including the sign bit.
2’s Complement
A form of signed binary notation in which negative numbers are created by adding 1 to the 1’s complement form of the number.
A circuit that uses a binary decoder to direct a digital signal from a single source to one of several destinations.
Encoder
A digital circuit that produces an output code depending on which of its inputs is activated.
Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Circuit
Two-input logic circuit that produces a high output only when the inputs are equal.
Exclusive-OR (XOR) Circuit
Two-input logic circuit that produces a high output only when the inputs are different.
Full Adder
Logic circuit with three inputs and two outputs. The inputs are a carry bit (CIN) from a previous stage, a bit from the augend, and a bit from the addend, respectively. The outputs are the sum bit and the carry-out bit (COUT) produced by the addition of the bit from the addend with the bit from the augend and CIN.
Half Adder
Logic circuit with two inputs and two outputs. The inputs are a bit from the augend and a bit from the addend. The outputs are the sum bit produced by the addition of the bit from the addend with the bit from the augend and the resulting carry (COUT) bit, which will be added to the next stage.
Hexadecimal Number System
Base-16 number system. Hexadecimal numbers are written with sixteen digits, 0-9 and A-F, with power-of-16 positional multipliers.
Multiplexer
A circuit that directs one of several digital signals to a single output, depending on the states of several select inputs.
Octal Number System
A number system that has a base of 8; digits from 0 to 7 are used to express an octal number.
Seven-Segment Display
An array of seven independently controlled light-emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) elements, shaped like a figure-8, which can be used to display decimal digits and other characters by turning on the appropriate elements.
Signed Binary Number
A binary number of fixed length whose sign is represented by one bit, usually the most significant bit, and whose magnitude is represented by the remaining bits.
Sign Bit
A binary bit that is added to the leftmost position of a binary number to indicate whether that number represents a positive or a negative quantity.
1’s Complement
A form of signed binary notation in which negative numbers are created by complementing all bits of a number, including the sign bit.
2’s Complement
A form of signed binary notation in which negative numbers are created by adding 1 to the 1’s complement form of the number.